INTRODUCTION

In industry, piping is used extensively for the safe transportation and transfer of fluids from place to place. This transfer and movement of fluids is a controlled procedure requiring piping, valves, fittings and methods of protecting the equipment from corrosion, erosion, expansion, contraction and physical movement beyond allowable limits.

The transmission of fluids can be divided into two broad groups:

1. The safe movement within the plant, of process materials - Raw Materials, Intermediate Products and Finished Products.
2. Provision of the necessary services fluids for the operation and control of plant equipment and its safety; such as - Dry Instrument Air, Utility Air, Cooling Water, Potable Water, Steam Supplies and Inert Gas Supplies… etc.